Rainwater harvesting with Sustainable technology:
A look at the design, construction and
operation of a small scale slow sand water filter.
(Building a small slow sand water filter for individual use)
A look at the design, construction and
operation of a small scale slow sand water filter.
(Building a small slow sand water filter for individual use)
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Please help support this site by purchasing a summary of our research which includes drawings, pictures and construction details to build filters.
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Introduction
Water Test Results
Water color improvement
Slow sand filter FAQ
> Literature Cited
Contact the author
Terms of Use / Copyright information
External links:
Slow Sand filter Blog
Roof water harvesting summary
More info on rainwater harvesting and filter construction
Biosand filter info and sustainability focus
First posting 2008-09-17
Page Updated 2012-09-01
Website Updated 2015-10-18
Water Test Results
Water color improvement
Slow sand filter FAQ
> Literature Cited
Contact the author
Terms of Use / Copyright information
External links:
Slow Sand filter Blog
Roof water harvesting summary
More info on rainwater harvesting and filter construction
Biosand filter info and sustainability focus
First posting 2008-09-17
Page Updated 2012-09-01
Website Updated 2015-10-18
Literature cited
1. Presence of Noroviruses and Other Enteric Viruses
a in Sewage and Surface Waters in The Netherlands
W. J. Lodder and A. M. de Roda Husman*
Microbiological Laboratory for Health Protection,
National Institute of Public Health and the Environment,
Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
*Corresponding author. Mailing address:
Microbiological Laboratory for Health Protection, National
Institute of Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1,
NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Phone: 31 30 274 4325.
Fax: 31 30 274 4434. E-mail:
2. Coliform Bacteria and Drinking Water
(Washington State Department of Health)
The following abstracts were accessed:
November 23, 2007 and would be very good reading especially for
understanding the biological action in a (slow) sand water filter:
3. Biological and Physical Mechanisms in Slow Sand Filtration
Haarhoff, J; Cleasby, JL
IN: Slow Sand Filtration. American Society of Civil Engineers,
New York. 1991. p 19-68, 11 fig, 10 tab, 54 ref.
Slow Sand Filtration: Influences of Selected Process Variables
Author(s): Bellamy, William D.; Hendricks, David W.; Logsdon, Gary S.
Citation: Journal AWWA, Vol. 77 Iss. 12, December 1985, Page(s) 62-66
Bacterivory by a chrysophyte in slow sand filters
Monroe L. Weber-Shirk* and Richard I. Dick
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University,
Ithaca, NY 14853-3501, USA
Received 1 September 1997; accepted 1 June 1998. Available
online 25 February 2000.
4. Information on roofing material:
A review of Methods for the Manufacture of Residential Roofing Materials.
Hashem Akbari, Ronnen Levinson, and Paul Berdahl. Heat Island Group
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,
Berkeley, Ca. 94720. A report prepared for:
California Energy Commission PIER Program. June 2003.
5. Read more about viruses here:
freedrinkingwater.com/water-education2/87-water-disinfection2.htm
6. Use the
information on this page
and on this site at your own risk. The Author assumes
no responsibility whatsoever
for any damages of any kind as a direct or indirect
result of the use of any
information on this website. The information
provided here is free and published
with the intent of sharing experience, and
is not provided as an
absolute solution to anything.
This is a work in progress. Mistakes
will likely be found. We reseve the right to remove
this content or change it at any time we choose.
You have been advised.
7.Mechanisms of inactivation of hepatitis
A virus in water by chlorine dioxide:
Jun Wen Li Corresponding Author Contact Information,
E-mail The Corresponding Author,
Zhong Tao Xin , Xin Wei Wang , Jin Lai Zheng and Fu Huan Chao
Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine of Tianjin, 1 Da Li Road,
Tianjin City 300050, People's Republic of China
Received 15 April 2003; Revised 7 November 2003; accepted 13 December 2003.
Available online 4 March 2004.
8.Information on virus removal:
www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf
/0/5A25BF765B400911CC25708F0002B5A8/$File/07-viruscompliance.doc
9. viruses that are not killed by
chlorine in swimming pool water (caliciviruses):
www.cumc.columbia.edu/dept/ps/2007/mid/2006/transcript_02_mid37.pdf
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of Turbidity in the Field:
Written April 2006 for the requirements of CE 5993 Feild
Engineering in theDeveloping World and
FQ 5770 Community Planning and Analysis. Elizabeth Myre and
Ryan Shaw M.S. Candidates. Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Master's International Program.
Michigan Technological University.
11. SUSTAINABLE DRINKING WATER TREATMENT
FOR SMALL COMMUNITIES USING MULTISTAGE SLOW SAND FILTRATION;
by Shawn A. Cleary.
A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo
in fulfillment of the thesis requirement
for the degree of Master of Applied
Science in Civil Engineering
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2005 © Shawn
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/cicad/en/CICAD59_AsphaltWebVersion_2004_08_04.pdf
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Jennifer Gadd and Paul Kennedy. Kingett Mitchell and Asociates
http://www.kma.co.nz/downloads/PDFs/Publications
/House%20Roof%20Runoff%20-%20Gadd,%20Kennedy.pdf
17. Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic
Compounds in Asphalt and In Correspoinding Leachate Water.
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Heritage Research Group, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 22:517-535, 2002.
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Available from:
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RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT AND WATER SUPPLY AN INTEGRATED SYSTEM.
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Technology (Water Sci. Technol.). Vol. 37, no. 2.
24.Identification of New Drinking Water Disinfection by -
Products from Ozone, Chlorine Dioxide, Chloramine, and Chlorine
Journal Water, Air, and Soil Pollution
Publisher Springer Netherlands
ISSN 0049-6979 (Print) 1573-2932 (Online)
Issue Volume 123, Numbers 1-4 / October, 2000
DOI 10.1023/A:1005265509813
Pages 95-102
Subject Collection Earth and Environmental Science
SpringerLink Date Monday, November 29, 2004
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P. H. Chen1, T. W.
Collette1, K. M. Schenck2, B. W. Lykins Jr.2, C.
Rav-Acha3 and V. Glezer3
(1) National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency,
960 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA
(2) National Risk Management Research Laboratory,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
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Health, 69 Ben-Zvi St., Tel-Aviv, 61082, Israel
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Environmental Scientists and Engineers. Second edition. N.F. Gray Ph.D., Sc.D.
Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering.
Trinity College, University of Dublin. Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann 2002.
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Daniel Jaffe, Eric Prestbob, Phil Swartzendruber, Peter Weiss-Penzias,
Shungo Katoc, Akinori Takamid, Shiro Hatakeyamad, Yoshizumi Kajiic;
Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington-Bothell,
Bothell, WA 98011 8246, USA.
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accepted 2 January 2005. (available online at www.sciencedirect.com)
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and impact on surface ozone in western North America.
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Existing or Designing New Drinking Water treatment facilities.
EPA/625/4-89/023 March 1990 300048WU.PDF
pages 38,39,40,41. virus information is on page 41.
accessed March 11 2009. search for "slow sand filters
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Storm-Water Runoff Pollution. Shirley E.
Clark, P.E. D.WRE, M.ASCE; Kelly A. Steele, A.M.ASCE;
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Guidelines."Cyanobacteria in Recreational and Drinking Waters".
Prepared by: Environmental Health Unit, Queensland Health,
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+61 7 3234 0938 August 2001
Cyanobacteria in Recreational and Drinking Waters
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A Field/Laboratory Guide". Dr. M. A. Crayton, Biology Department:
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of Health Olympia, Washington 98504-7846. 1993.
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filtration" Gesche Grützmacher, Gabriele Böttcher,
Ingrid Chorus, Hartmut Bartel
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P.O. Box 330022, D-14191
Berlin, Germany. Environmental Toxicology See Also:
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Education and Research (BMBF);
Grant Number: 02WT9852/7. Abstract accessed: 2009-05-10.
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through Biological Sand Filters". Lionel Ho, Daniel Hoefel,
Christopher P. Saint, and Gayle Newcombe. Pract. Periodical of Haz., Toxic,
and Radioactive Waste Mgmt. Volume 11, Issue 3, pp. 191-196 (July 2007)
Issue Date: July 2007. Permalink:
)http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-025X(2007)11:3(191)
Abstract Accessed: 2009-05-10.
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http://www.whoi.edu/redtide/page.do?pid=15776
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39. Cyanosite: (receives support from the
Department of Biological Sciences at Purdue University):
http://www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu/cyanotox/cyanotox.html
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Allen W. Hightower, MS; Debra G. Martin, RN; June L.
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Dr. Andrea Ellis, Gillian Lim, Rob Meyers, Manon Fleury, Dr. Denise Werker,
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http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol9no12/02-0795.htm
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"Growing Eating Fruits and Vegetables in the Newhall Neighborhood of Hamden." Jan 2004.
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/.../HAMDEN_VEGETABLE_UPTAKE_FACT_SHEET.pdf
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and Home Economics. WSU cooperateive extension. 1999.
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accessed 2009 08 04
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Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Washington State University
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Scott/Horticultural%20Myths_files/index.html
accessed 2009 08 04
51. National Toxicology Program.
US Department of Health and Human services.
abstract: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid=A597C921-F1F6-975E-7D73DF11FE4A0470
Toxicology Studies of Dichloroacetic Acid (CAS No. 79-43-6) in Genetically
Modified (FVB Tg.AC Hemizygous) Mice (Dermal and Drinking Water Studies)
and Carcinogenicity Studies of Dichloroacetic Acid in Genetically Modified
[B6.129-Trp53tm1Brd (N5) Haploinsufficient] Mice (Drinking Water Studies)
NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAM, P.O. Box 12233 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
April 2007. NTP GMM 11 NIH Publication No. 07-4428.
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES.
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52. New Horizons for Slow Sand
Filtration. Dr. David H. Manz, P. Eng.
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Conference and Second
Policy Forum on Drinking Water and the Biennial Conference of the
Federal-Provincial-
Territorial Committee on Drinking Water, Promoting Public
Health Through Safe Drinking Water,
April 3 – 6, 2004, Calgary, Alberta, pp 682 – 692.
accessed 2009-09-19.
http://www.manzwaterinfo.ca/documents/
New%20Horizons%20for%20Slow%20Sand%
20Filtration%20Full%20Paper.pdf
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TPH Working Group Series on Line!.
Volume 5 pages 30, 34, 45, 66, 69.
Volume 5: Human Health Risk-Based Evaluation of Petroleum Contaminated Sites:
Implementation of the Working Group Approach
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/catalog/contents/tph.htm
accessed 2010-01-06
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East; Facility/Site ID #: 349. 1408 US Highway 2 Leavenworth,
Washington 98826. Central Region Office
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/gsp/DocViewer.aspx?did=2456
accessed 2010-01-08. See page 4 section 2.3 cleanup levels chart.
accessed 2010-01-08
55. EPA 440/9-76-023 National Recommended Water Quality Criteria
United States Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water.
Office of Science and Technology 2009 (4304T) http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/
criteria/wqctable/nrwqc-2009.pdf
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http://www.epa.gov/waterscience
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accessed 2010-01-09
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/criteria/library/redbook.pdf 534 pages p210-223
(the pages are numbered by hand and do not match
the page number given
in the pdf reader software which was shown as page
242-256 on the system used when accessed)
accessed 2010-01-09
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Scientists and Engineers. Second Edition.
N.F. Gray PHD, Sc.D. Department of Civil,
Structural and Environmental Engineering.
Trinity College, Universty of Dublin.
Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann. 2005.
P. 317 - 318 viruses.
p. 270 - 273 slow sand filters
p. 424 - 432 biofilm
59. Visualisation of the microbial colonisation
of a slow sand filter using an
Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope
Esther Devadhanam Joubert; Balakrishna Pillay
Electronic Journal of Biotechnology ISSN: 0717-3458 Vol.
11 No. 2, Issue of April 15, 2008
© 2008 by Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso
Chile Received August 28, 2007 / Accepted December 6, 2007
http://ejb.ucv.cl/content/vol11/issue2/full/12/
Accessed 2010-01-18
60. The relationship of Algal Exocellular Polymer
to Biological Flocculation.
Joseph L. Pavoni, Mark W Tenney, Wayne F. Echelberger
Date of Original 1971
Conference Title Proceedings of the 26th Industrial Waste Conference
Conference Front Matter (copy and paste)
http://earchives.lib.purdue.edu/u?/engext, 19214
Extent of Original p. 957-974
Series Engineering extension series no. 140
Collection Engineering Technical Reports Collection, Purdue University
Repository Purdue University Libraries
Rights Digital object copyright Purdue University. All rights reserved.
Date Digitized 2009-06-25
http://e-archives.lib.purdue.edu/
accessed Jan 18 2010 12:31 pst.
61. Slow sand filtration for small water systems.
G S Logsdon, R Kohne, S Abel, S LaBonde
Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science,
2002, 1:339-348, 10.1139/s02-025 © 2002 NRC Canada
http://www.nrcresearchpress.com
/doi/abs/10.1139/s02-025
accessed 2011-04-28 at 0900 PDT.
62. SLOW SAND FILTRATION -
DEMAND OPERATED AND CLEANED USING BACKWASH.
David H. Manz, PhD, P. Eng., P. Ag
VP Marketing and Production; Oasis Filter International Ltd. Pages 7-9
http://www.oasisfilter.com/MSF_cgy.pdf
accessed 2011-09-30; 0925 PDT
63. Parasites and health.
CDC.gov Baylisascaris procyonis Last Modified: 07/23/2009 19:18:23
center for disease control, US government
accessed 2012-02-02.
64. Sophisticated Mayan water management system revealed
TG Daily (Velum Media) Posted on July 17, 2012 - 06:48
by Kate Taylor
The Mayans used sand to filter water accessed 2012-07-17.
65. UC Research Reveals Largest
Ancient Dam Built by Maya in Central America
University of Cincinnati. Date: 7/16/2012 3:00:00 PM. By: M.B. Reilly.
Phone: (513) 556-1824 Photos By: UC researchers.
The Mayan civilization used sand water filters accessed 2012-07-17.
66. Harvest your own rainwater to drink?
King County board considers it.
By VANESSA HO, SEATTLEPI.COM STAFF
Published 11:26 a.m., Monday, July 18, 2011
King county in Washington state considers rainwater harvesting for drinking accessed 2012-07-17.
Links to other sites with information on biological sand filters:
Harvesting rainwater and BioSand filters
Brief description and drawing of a BioSand filter
Filters are used in many parts of the world
Drawings and explanations
Manufacturer of filters
Manufacture of filters
Nice explanation and drawing in English and other languages
Very detailed explanations are here at this site
More detailed explanations here
M.I.T. site
Commercial site and one of the first developers of the BioSand filter
Pictures and explanations here
this link has information about the size of sand grains: (.15 - .35 mm)
An article on slow sand filter maintenance
1. Presence of Noroviruses and Other Enteric Viruses
a in Sewage and Surface Waters in The Netherlands
W. J. Lodder and A. M. de Roda Husman*
Microbiological Laboratory for Health Protection,
National Institute of Public Health and the Environment,
Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
*Corresponding author. Mailing address:
Microbiological Laboratory for Health Protection, National
Institute of Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1,
NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Phone: 31 30 274 4325.
Fax: 31 30 274 4434. E-mail:
2. Coliform Bacteria and Drinking Water
(Washington State Department of Health)
The following abstracts were accessed:
November 23, 2007 and would be very good reading especially for
understanding the biological action in a (slow) sand water filter:
3. Biological and Physical Mechanisms in Slow Sand Filtration
Haarhoff, J; Cleasby, JL
IN: Slow Sand Filtration. American Society of Civil Engineers,
New York. 1991. p 19-68, 11 fig, 10 tab, 54 ref.
Slow Sand Filtration: Influences of Selected Process Variables
Author(s): Bellamy, William D.; Hendricks, David W.; Logsdon, Gary S.
Citation: Journal AWWA, Vol. 77 Iss. 12, December 1985, Page(s) 62-66
Bacterivory by a chrysophyte in slow sand filters
Monroe L. Weber-Shirk* and Richard I. Dick
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University,
Ithaca, NY 14853-3501, USA
Received 1 September 1997; accepted 1 June 1998. Available
online 25 February 2000.
4. Information on roofing material:
A review of Methods for the Manufacture of Residential Roofing Materials.
Hashem Akbari, Ronnen Levinson, and Paul Berdahl. Heat Island Group
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,
Berkeley, Ca. 94720. A report prepared for:
California Energy Commission PIER Program. June 2003.
5. Read more about viruses here:
freedrinkingwater.com/water-education2/87-water-disinfection2.htm
6. Use the
information on this page
and on this site at your own risk. The Author assumes
no responsibility whatsoever
for any damages of any kind as a direct or indirect
result of the use of any
information on this website. The information
provided here is free and published
with the intent of sharing experience, and
is not provided as an
absolute solution to anything.
This is a work in progress. Mistakes
will likely be found. We reseve the right to remove
this content or change it at any time we choose.
You have been advised.
7.Mechanisms of inactivation of hepatitis
A virus in water by chlorine dioxide:
Jun Wen Li Corresponding Author Contact Information,
E-mail The Corresponding Author,
Zhong Tao Xin , Xin Wei Wang , Jin Lai Zheng and Fu Huan Chao
Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine of Tianjin, 1 Da Li Road,
Tianjin City 300050, People's Republic of China
Received 15 April 2003; Revised 7 November 2003; accepted 13 December 2003.
Available online 4 March 2004.
8.Information on virus removal:
www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf
/0/5A25BF765B400911CC25708F0002B5A8/$File/07-viruscompliance.doc
9. viruses that are not killed by
chlorine in swimming pool water (caliciviruses):
www.cumc.columbia.edu/dept/ps/2007/mid/2006/transcript_02_mid37.pdf
10. The Turbidity Tube: Simple and Accurate Measurement
of Turbidity in the Field:
Written April 2006 for the requirements of CE 5993 Feild
Engineering in theDeveloping World and
FQ 5770 Community Planning and Analysis. Elizabeth Myre and
Ryan Shaw M.S. Candidates. Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Master's International Program.
Michigan Technological University.
11. SUSTAINABLE DRINKING WATER TREATMENT
FOR SMALL COMMUNITIES USING MULTISTAGE SLOW SAND FILTRATION;
by Shawn A. Cleary.
A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo
in fulfillment of the thesis requirement
for the degree of Master of Applied
Science in Civil Engineering
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2005 © Shawn
A. Cleary 2005. page 31,32.
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National Institute for Occupational Saftey and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
World Health Organization Geneva, 2004
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Jennifer Gadd and Paul Kennedy. Kingett Mitchell and Asociates
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Information on Tannins from Cornell university
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University of California
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EPA evaluation of Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA) and other preservatives
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Products from Ozone, Chlorine Dioxide, Chloramine, and Chlorine
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ISSN 0049-6979 (Print) 1573-2932 (Online)
Issue Volume 123, Numbers 1-4 / October, 2000
DOI 10.1023/A:1005265509813
Pages 95-102
Subject Collection Earth and Environmental Science
SpringerLink Date Monday, November 29, 2004
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P. H. Chen1, T. W.
Collette1, K. M. Schenck2, B. W. Lykins Jr.2, C.
Rav-Acha3 and V. Glezer3
(1) National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency,
960 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA
(2) National Risk Management Research Laboratory,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
(3) Research Laboratory of Water Quality, Israel Ministry of
Health, 69 Ben-Zvi St., Tel-Aviv, 61082, Israel
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Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering.
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28. Export of atmospheric mercury from Asia.
Daniel Jaffe, Eric Prestbob, Phil Swartzendruber, Peter Weiss-Penzias,
Shungo Katoc, Akinori Takamid, Shiro Hatakeyamad, Yoshizumi Kajiic;
Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington-Bothell,
Bothell, WA 98011 8246, USA.
Atmospheric Environment 39 (2005) 3029-3038. Received 11 October 2004;
accepted 2 January 2005. (available online at www.sciencedirect.com)
29. Long-range transport of Siberian biomass burning emissions
and impact on surface ozone in western North America.
Dan Jaffe,1 Isaac Bertschi,1 Lyatt Jaegle,2 Paul Novelli,3 Jeffrey S.
Reid,4 ´ Hiroshi Tanimoto,5 Roxanne Vingarzan,6 and Douglas L. Westphal4.
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 31, L16106, doi:10.1029/2004GL020093, 2004
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Existing or Designing New Drinking Water treatment facilities.
EPA/625/4-89/023 March 1990 300048WU.PDF
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51. National Toxicology Program.
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Toxicology Studies of Dichloroacetic Acid (CAS No. 79-43-6) in Genetically
Modified (FVB Tg.AC Hemizygous) Mice (Dermal and Drinking Water Studies)
and Carcinogenicity Studies of Dichloroacetic Acid in Genetically Modified
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NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAM, P.O. Box 12233 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
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Volume 5: Human Health Risk-Based Evaluation of Petroleum Contaminated Sites:
Implementation of the Working Group Approach
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P. 317 - 318 viruses.
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Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope
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11 No. 2, Issue of April 15, 2008
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Series Engineering extension series no. 140
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66. Harvest your own rainwater to drink?
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Links to other sites with information on biological sand filters:
Harvesting rainwater and BioSand filters
Brief description and drawing of a BioSand filter
Filters are used in many parts of the world
Drawings and explanations
Manufacturer of filters
Manufacture of filters
Nice explanation and drawing in English and other languages
Very detailed explanations are here at this site
More detailed explanations here
M.I.T. site
Commercial site and one of the first developers of the BioSand filter
Pictures and explanations here
this link has information about the size of sand grains: (.15 - .35 mm)
An article on slow sand filter maintenance